A brief history of diagnostic imaging

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Categories: 3 Category A and CQR CEUS credits, CT, Digital Mammography, Digital Radiography, Digital subtraction angiography

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Roentgen showed that x-rays are products of electron collisions.

A. True*
B. False

In 1963 Coolidge produced a high vacuum x-ray tube that used ductile tungsten as a heated cathode.

One of the best X-ray tube cooling design circulates …….around the housing of the tube and effectively removes excess heat.

The effective radiation dose from a chest X-ray is about … mSv, which is about the same as the average person receives from background radiation in …. days.

Any medical image can be described in terms of three basic concepts:

In the ….s Dr. R. Leborgne of Uruguay reported on the association between the appearance of microcalcifications and certain types of cancer.

Breast tissue contains fatty tissue with a physical density around …….…g/cc and an effective atomic number Z - 6.3 and fibroglandular tissue with a physical density around ………..g/cc and an effective atomic number Z - 7.4.

Odendorf obtained the very first CT images as early as …………………

The first scan of a CT study is called a……………..

The gray scale of …………represents a CT image.

……..related artifacts appear due to the fact that the data received from the detector is digitized, translated into an array of numbers for each image, filtered, stored and displayed.

The following are the main forms of patient-induced artifacts EXCEPT:

A positron is the antiparticle of an ordinary ………...

……….decay results frequently in a daughter nucleus that is in an excited or ……….. state

Nuclides with the same …….. number are ………..

The first y- ray “camera” capable of recording at all points in the image at one time was described by ………..in ……...

In the late 1950’s Anger replaced the …………….with a single, large-area, ……………..and a photomultiplier tube assembly to greatly increase the detection efficiency of his “camera” concept.

Some “impurity-activated” scintillators, that have been used in the radiation detectors include all of the following EXCEPT:

Exposure of the NaI(Tl) crystal to moisture or humid atmosphere causes a yellowish surface discoloration that again impairs light transmission to the PM tubes. This property of the crystal is called:

The NaI(Tl) yields …….… visible light photon per approximately …….. eV of radiation energy absorbed.

In Nuclear medicine, a typical survey meter can measure exposure rates down to about ……mR/hr and they’re used to monitor radiation levels for radiation protection purposes.

Dose calibrators are used to assay the……….value in syringes, vials, etc. containing materials that are to be administered to the patients.

Pocket dosimeters are suitable for measuring radiation exposure down to about ……mR to an accuracy of about …… percent.

The major advantage of proportional counters over ionization chambers is the fact that they can detect and count individual radiation events, with high efficiency for………..